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For nearly four decades, international students who came to the United States on an F-1 visa operated under the simple principle that they may remain in the country as long as they stayed enrolled in their program and made progress toward their degrees. Under this arrangement, international students were admitted for “duration of status” or D/S, allowing them to complete a bachelor’s degree, pivot into a master’s, add a certificate, or take a semester longer than planned without triggering a new immigration filing for every academic change.

Last week, that era officially ended.

The Department of Homeland Security published a final ruling in the Federal Register that eliminates duration of status for F-1 academic students (along with J-1 exchange visitors and I-visa foreign media representatives) and replaces it with a fixed period of admission tied to a definitive end date. For undergraduate international students, that period ends after four years, with 30 days to enter and exit the country. The rule takes effect 60 days after publication, meaning that it could impact students as early as the approaching fall semester.

Importantly, the new policy changes not just how long students can stay, but how freely they can change their major or program of study. Under the final rule, F-1 students enrolled in undergraduate-level programs cannot change their major during their first year of study. DHS will allow a change only if the Student and Exchange Visitor Program (SEVP) grants approval based on “extenuating circumstances,” defined as rare, exceptional events beyond the student’s or school’s control, not simply a change of academic interest or a less-than-stellar first semester. Similarly, undergraduate-level students cannot transfer to a different school during their first year unless SEVP authorizes an exception.

For more than a million international students currently enrolled at U.S. colleges and universities, this is one of the most consequential shifts to the student visa system in a generation. In the last year, international student enrollment in the U.S. plummeted by roughly 17%, and these changes may further deter foreign applicants from applying to American universities.

But for international students who still dream of pursuing the next phase of their education in the U.S. here’s what these changes mean for their college prep:

1. Students should exert more time and effort to ensure they are confident in their area of study.

Historically, freshman year has been a time for students to explore and discover their interests; the initial major selection was a starting point for a student’s academic journey, but it did not have to be their final destination. It was not uncommon for an international student to arrive intending to study engineering and discover by the spring of their first year that economics was the better fit.

For international students under the new D/S policy, that flexibility is gone. Undergraduates are now definitively locked into their declared major for the entirety of their first year. Depending on their program requirements, they could be fixed in their major for longer, as they will not have the flexibility to extend their program of study to make up for coursework they missed during freshman year if they choose to switch programs.

This means that international students should devote concerted energy and effort into gaining hands-on experience in their intended field long before application season arrives. Because freshman year is no longer an exploratory phase, applicants should seek out opportunities to gain experience and try out different disciplines that may interest them during secondary school, whether by enrolling in online classes, participating in academic summer programs, seeking out mentorship, executing a passion project, or conducting independent research. The goal is to walk onto campus in August already having tested their genuine interest in the major they’ve chosen, rather than treating that first year as the testing ground itself.

2. Establishing strong habits in the first year of college is more critical than ever.

Because students no longer have the same freedom to course-correct after a rocky start, they should treat the first semester (and year) of college less as an adjustment period and more as the foundation of their entire degree program. That means that refining academic habits and executive functioning skills early is essential. First and foremost, students should be proactive about understanding degree requirements and course sequencing, keeping close track of any immigration paperwork or deadlines tied to their F-1 status, and building a relationship with academic advisors and Designated School Officials.

Beyond keeping up with the administrative logistics tied to their international student status, excelling within these new restrictions requires students to develop key soft skills such as time management, self-advocacy, resilience, and creative problem-solving in order to stay on track and make the most of their degree program. These are skills that are rarely taught explicitly in secondary school, which means students and families may need to be intentional about cultivating them well before the first semester begins.

3. A strong support network (preferably in the U.S.) is the key to success.

In today’s landscape, students are under immense pressure to keep up with rapid-fire policy changes, to choose a field of study, and to select a school they may never have set foot on before move-in day. Most international students are managing all of this from thousands of miles away, with limited ability to visit campuses, get a feel for a campus culture, or stay current on rapidly changing application requirements.

Building a support network well before senior year of high school can be the differentiator between a student who makes a confident, strategic choice of school and major, and one who buckles under the stress of the complex admissions landscape. This support may include private college admissions consultants, academic tutors, and professional mentors who can offer targeted guidance as well as emotionally intelligent support as students navigate this pivotal stage of their lives.

That support shouldn’t stop when a student has been admitted. Ideally, this network continues to offer guidance once a student is enrolled, when they begin navigating ever-changing constraints around timing and status. Organization, clear communication with school officials, and a habit of asking questions early rather than late are now essential skills, and they don’t come naturally to most students, particularly those living away from home for the first time.

The new DHS rule fundamentally changes what it means to prepare for a U.S. education as an international student. The margin for exploration, hesitation, and course-correction is more narrow than in previous years. International applicants must be intentional and strategic about their long-term preparation and support system in order to thrive in this evolving landscape.